Calvinists affirm the exhaustive foreknowledge of God, and thereby deny the possibility of libertarian free will. Open Theists take the other route. They affirm libertarian free will, and thereby deny the possibility of God's exhaustive foreknowledge.
Arminians make a distinction between certainty and necessity. This enables us to affirm both exhaustive foreknowledge and libertarian free will. The fact that something is foreknown by God makes it certain, but it does not make it necessary. If an event is certain but not necessary, libertarian free will is maintained. God knows everything we will do, but his knowing is not the cause of us doing it. Rather, our doing it is the cause of his knowing it. His knowing is dependent on our actions.1
If it's possible for God to know the future with certainty and for man to have free will, there is no reason to be an Open Theist. If the Open Theist recognizes this Arminian distinction, he loses the justification for his system. And in the end, the fact that Open Theism does not recognize the distinction creates big problems for the system.
The Open system is not always open. In order to account for prophesy, Open Theists make a distinction that God can settle portions of the future if he wants to. In the Open system anytime the future is settled, the event is necessary. Or put another way, anytime God has foreknowledge it is because God is going to cause an event to take place. Greg Boyd states it like this:
The open view holds that some of the future is open, not all of it. God can pre-settle as much of the future as he wants to pre-settle. If, in order to fulfill specific prophecies, God needed to providentially orchestrate things so that certain people with evil characters played out their evil intentions in specific ways, he could easily do this, and do so with impunity.2Notice how what Boyd says sounds exactly like Calvinism! In his view the only way certain foreknowledge can be achieved is by God providentially orchestrating evil people to do evil things. His use of the word "orchestrating" is equivocation. In his view, the only way God can know the future is by settling it himself. God makes certain aspects of the future necessary, and accomplishes this by causing evil people to do evil things. Boyd does not explain how libertarian free will is maintained in this view. He cannot, because God "settling" the future in this way is not compatible with libertarian free will.
Scripture indicates that Jesus had specific foreknowledge of what his disciples would do. This presents problems for the open view given their claim that foreknowledge equals necessity.
Here are two specific examples from Matthew 26:
[Judas' betrayal] When evening came, Jesus was reclining at the table with the Twelve. And while they were eating, he said, "I tell you the truth, one of you will betray me." They were very sad and began to say to him one after the other, "Surely not I, Lord? Jesus replied, "The one who has dipped his hand into the bowl with me will betray me. The Son of Man will go just as it is written about him. But woe to that man who betrays the Son of Man! It would be better for him if he had not been born." Then Judas, the one who would betray him, said, "Surely not I, Rabbi?" Jesus answered, "Yes, it is you." Matthew 26:20-25 (NIV)
[Peter's denial and the falling away of the disciples] Then Jesus told them, "This very night you will all fall away on account of me, for it is written: " 'I will strike the shepherd, and the sheep of the flock will be scattered.' But after I have risen, I will go ahead of you into Galilee." Peter replied, "Even if all fall away on account of you, I never will." "I tell you the truth," Jesus answered, "this very night, before the rooster crows, you will disown me three times." But Peter declared, "Even if I have to die with you, I will never disown you." And all the other disciples said the same. Matthew 26:31-35 (NIV)
We see here several examples of the genuine foreknowledge of Jesus - the betrayal of Judas, the denial of Peter, and the falling away of the disciples. If the open view is true, Jesus foreknowledge made these events necessary. The disciples had no free will on any of these matters. By knowing their actions, Jesus made Judas betray him, he made Peter deny him, and he made all of the disciples fall away. Just like in Calvinism, Open Theism has God causing people to do evil things. Remember that in the open view there is no free will if the future is settled.
The only other option is for Open Theists is to contort this passage into some sort of elaborate prediction. This is untenable for several reasons. First, Jesus says "you will" not "I predict that you will". Second, Jesus quotes prophesy: "This very night you will all fall away on account of me, for it is written..." Third, the nature of Jesus foreknowledge is too specific for a prediction: Peter will deny Jesus three times before the rooster crows. The only reasonable reading of this passage is that Jesus had genuine foreknowledge of his disciples actions before they made them.
The Arminian view of this passage has no difficulties. The Arminian view imputes no evil to Jesus. Arminians believe that foreknowledge is dependent on the act. Jesus knew that his disciples would do these things, but he did not cause their actions. His knowledge was certain, but it was dependent on the free will actions of the disciples themselves. Thus, Judas is at fault for betraying Jesus. Judas betrayed Jesus because he freely chose to. Likewise, Peter is at fault for denying Jesus. Peter denied Jesus because he freely chose to.
In conclusion Open Theism is in error when it does not make a distinction between certainty and necessity. If Open Theists made such a distinction, their system would not be necessary. And by ignoring the distinction, they impugn the goodness of God in the same way Calvinists do.
In the Open view, any time that the future is "settled", God turns into a Calvinist.
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1 For a more detailed explanation of the difference between certainty and necessity, see Thomas Ralston, Can Free Agency be Harmonized With Divine Foreknowledge?
2 Greg Boyd, How does an Open Theist explain all the prophecies fulfulled in the life of Jesus?
12 comments:
It is funny that two seemingly opposed views share this basic assumption. I know many Arminians are opposed to Molinism. But I think in the same way you describe here, they are alike.
The best explanation I have seen of God’s foreknowledge and man’s free will came in a couple of articles by David Servant.
Links can be found on my blog here:
http://onefiles.blogspot.com/2009/04/gods-foreknowledge-and-mans-free-will.html
Regarding Ryan Carter's comment about "two seemingly opposed views share this basic assumption"...
I see a similar situation between Calvinism and Universalism. Both of these totally different theologies share the belief that salvation is given to those who have never desired or sought it.
Hi Ryan, good point. Both Arminians and Molinists (and one can be both) affirm that God knowing the future does not make it necessary.
Onesimus, thanks for the link. His explanation is excellent. I like his coin example.
Kevin,
I am still wrestling through how to speak what I know to be true after many years of Calvinist conditioning. This post was excellent expecially this simple summary statement you wrote.
"God knows everything we will do, but his knowing is not the cause of us doing it. Rather, our doing it is the cause of his knowing it."
Thanks for the clear post.
Bob B
Kevin,
"You can be both" I hope so, I don't want to be a walking contradiction. Your point here does, however, call into question the calvinistic molinism growing in popularity (ala terrance tiessen).
Kevin,
Nice post! I think GB says Judas' earlier free choices predetermined his betrayal. It's sometimes called 'character hardening'. But the betrayal was foretold back in OT times. Further, Judas is held responsible for that specific event. If it hadn't been for the prophecy, there's no way they would be saying Judas wasn't free. Not only that, but Daniel and Christ foretell the rise and fall of nations that involve innumerable free choices. There's just no getting around the biblical witness that God knows what people will choose in the future.
God be with you,
Dan
Great post on this. These are my thoughts exactly. I have a very close friend and brother in Christ who is an Open Theist. After hearing about it from him for quite some time, reading books for it and against it, I have to, in good conscience, affirm exhaustive foreknowledge...
Hi NonCalvinist, Thanks for stopping by. I have gone through a similar process myself.
Bravo, Kevin. Ran into this post tonight while exploring some things George Bryson said. Keep up the good work.
Thanks Dan.
"God knows everything we will do, but his knowing is not the cause of us doing it. Rather, our doing it is the cause of his knowing it. His knowing is dependent on our actions."
It is this kind of thinking which has moved me from Arminianism to Open Theism. If our doing it is the cause of God's knowing it and we haven't done something yet then God can't know what we will do until we do it.
However, God does know each person's character perfectly and thus can predict with amazing but not with 100% accuracy how a given individual will respond in a given situation. 100% accuracy would mean that God foreknows what we will do before we do it, which is an idea Open Theism rejects.
This perfect knowledge of Judas' and Peter's character is why Jesus could make the predictions he did about them. Up until the point Judas arose from the table, there was still a possibility that he would change his mind. I think that's part of the reason why Jesus gave Judas the most honored position at the table, because Jesus was hoping he could still win Judas back.
Hi John B, thanks for the comment. I apologize for the slow response, I've moved the blog to Wordpress and don't check this blog often anymore. If you would like to discuss further, drop a comment HERE.
You said:If our doing it is the cause of God's knowing it and we haven't done something yet then God can't know what we will do until we do it.
That's true only if God exists in time. If he transcends time, he can see events before they happen.
Regarding Judas, It was not a matter of Jesus "predicting" once Judas got up from the table. John records that Jesus knew from the beginning that Judas would betray him (see John 6:64;70-71. See also Psalm 41:9, which foreshadows Judas betrayal.
These passages makes the "prediction" theory untenable. Boyd recognizes this, which is why he says that some of the future is settled already. So we are left with two options:
1) Jesus knew that Judas would betray him. Jesus' knowing didn't cause the behavior (the Arminian position).
2) Jesus was coercive in his dealings with Judas. He knew what Judas would do because he caused it (Calvinism and Open Theism).
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